Evolution of Insect Genetics

Drosophila eye

Charles Darwin‘s fascination with insects began early in life. While studying at Cambridge University, his interest continued with earnest sending James Francis Stephens, his professor of entomology (insects), specimens, and descriptions of the critters.

At the time, discussing the evolution of insect genetics would have been as relevant as discussing moon landings. Just months before setting sail on the HMS Beagle in 1831, Stevens published his recognition of Darwin’s work on insects (pictured right) in his widely popular Illustrations of British Entomology.

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The European Eel Challenge

European EelThe European eel illustrates exactly why Charles Darwin’s theory of evolution has continued to be on the wrong side of science. Darwin once argued that

“By the theory of natural selection, all living species have been connected… So that the number of intermediate and transitional links, between all living and extinct species, must have been inconceivably great.”

Since the publication of The Origin of Species in 1859, Darwin’s “inconceivably great” number of evolutionary transitional links in the fossil record over the past 150 years remains missing despite the vast discovery of fossils.

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Mutation + Selection = Stasis

Mutation Selection StasisThe genetic mutation plus natural selection equation emerged as the most popular theory of biological evolution during the twentieth century.

However, with advances in biotechnology, evolutionary scientists have since increasingly challenged the credibility of this theory, popularly known as neo-Darwinism or the Modern Synthesis theory.

A recent study published in the journal Science by a Harvard research group undermines the theory that genetic mutations plus natural selection equals evolution in an experimental evolution model using the yeast microbe Saccharomyces cerevisiae species.

The model demonstrates stasis – not evolution.

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Smithsonian Evolution Storytelling

Taung Child S AfricaNew high-resolution CT scans of the Taung Child skull (pictured left) by an international research team led by Ralph L. Holloway of Columbia University in New York raise renewed questions about the institute’s inane Smithsonian evolution storytelling practices.

Discovered in 1924 in South Africa, models of the skull have long since been duplicated for natural history museums worldwide, including the Smithsonian, as evidence for human evolution. Found near Taung, South Africa, the lynchpin skull was tagged with the common name of Taung Child because of the fossil’s estimated age of 3 years. It was later named Australopithecus africanus, meaning the “southern ape from Africa.” However, Hollow’s new high-resolution CT scan images undermine the long-held pre-Homo fossil status of the skull.

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Conflicting Conclusions on Speciation

Songbird II Two new research studies, one on Himalayan songbirds and one on Brazilian ants, arrive at conflicting conclusions on speciation. The songbird research study was published in the prestigious British journal Nature, while the ant research study was published in the American journal Current Biology.

Trevor D. Price of the University of Chicago led the songbird study, and Christian Rabeling of the University of Rochester led the Brazilian ant study, both highly respected international teams.

While the findings in the Himalayan songbird study support Charles Darwin’s speciation theory of geographical isolation, the Brazilian ant’s findings undermine his theory. Speciation, an evolution term intended to explain how new species might have developed from existing species, is in trouble once again.

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Fired Over Dinosaur Discovery

Triceratops horridus dinosaurMark Armitage, a laboratory supervisor and widely published scientist for more than 30 years, was fired over dinosaur discovery by California State University of Northridge (CSUN) after publishing evidence of soft tissue extracted from a dinosaur fossil in a peer-reviewed journal.

Why did CSUN fire the scientist? Because the evidence undermines the long-standing dogma of the evolution industry. The dinosaur soft tissue, according to the prevailing dogma, should have died at least 60 million years ago. “This find cannot agree with an old earth,” an astute Examiner reporter explains:

“Even an old-earth creationist couldn’t explain it. But a young-earth creationist can.”

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Meaning of Species

SpeciesGreek philosophers are thought to be the first to classify animals and plants, each class having similar attributes. While the story behind the term species (Greek εἶδος) began with Plato, defining the meaning of species continues to be controversial.

Building on Plato, Aristotle used genus (γένος) and species as philosophical categories. A genus was a category, and a species was a subcategory of a genus. At the time, the two terms were just as often applied to inanimate things as to living ones. The term continues looking for its definition.

Charles Darwin agonized over the longstanding problem of the term. In The Origin of Species, Darwin wrote,

“… of the term species. No one definition has satisfied all naturalists.”

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The Universe Shouldn’t Exist

higgs bisonAfter spending more than $6 billion on constructing the particle collider in Western Europe, known as the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) (pictured below),

In the search to solve physics’ greatest mysteries, the evidence seems to point to one astounding fact – “the universe shouldn’t exist.”

Physicists Peter Higgs and François Englert, working on the most expensive experiment in the history of science, were awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics fin 2012 for the discovery of the long-sought-after Higgs boson or Higgs particle (pictured left), which is pivotal to the Standard Model of physics.

While the evidence continues to validate the particle’s existence, ironically, the evidence may unravel the Big Bang theory for the universe’s origin.

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Evolution at an Impasse

WebTwo opposing theories of evolution have emerged into a new impasse – “survival of the fittest” versus symbiosis. As Charles Darwin explained in The Origin of Species (1859), evolution results from competition between species.

On the opposing side, evolution is thought to result from some altruistic cooperation between the species − a process of symbiosis. Darwin proposed that evolution stems from “accumulating slight, successive” changes during the “struggle for life” − a process he called natural selection.

Poet Alfred Lord Tennyson, born the same year as Darwin, captured the essence of this struggle for life in the now-infamous phrase—“nature red in tooth and claw.”

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War Over Natural Selection

Patrick Matthew

The war over natural selection continues. Not only did Charles Darwin (1812-1882) plagiarize Patrick Matthew’s (1790-1874) (pictured left) work but evolutionary scientists are increasingly critical of the theory. Mike Sutton, a criminology expert at Nottingham Trent University, spent years cross-referencing the works of Darwin alongside those of Matthew. According to Sutton,

“I have no doubt, based on the weight of new evidence, that Darwin did read Matthew’s book and then went on to replicate his discovery and key themes.”

Science correspondent Sarah Knapton, in the article, “Did Charles Darwin ‘borrow’ the theory of natural selection?” published by The Telegraph (UK), reported on Sutton’s findings –

“Darwin must not only have been aware of Matthew’s work but borrowed from it heavily” proving that “the naturalist [Darwin] lied.”

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