Algae Defy Darwin

Bradley Cardinale In The Origin of Species, Charles Darwin presented nature as a constant struggle, often coined as the “war of nature” or the “survival of the fittest.” As one dominates and eliminates others through a continuous process of competition and change, Darwin argued, “extinction and natural selection go hand in hand.” Recent freshwater studies, however, on algae defy Darwin.

Bradley Cardinale (pictured left) of the University of Michigan headed a research team to perform experiments on 60 species of freshwater green algae and their effect on environmental conservation. According to Marlene Cimons of the National Science Foundation, unexpectedly, the evidence  “failed to support Darwin’s theory.”

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Ant Instincts

Ant Hill Charles Darwin wrestled to understand the interplay between instincts and natural selection. By observing ants, he hoped to connect the two. In The Origin of Species, Darwin argued –

“We shall, perhaps, best understand how instincts in a state of nature have become modified by selection by considering… the slave-making instinct of certain ants.”

Ant instincts have emerged as a problem for Darwin, however, along with his other major issue, transitional links. As Darwin explains in his introduction to The Origin of Species

“The most apparent and gravest difficulties on the theory… namely, first, the difficulties of transitions… [and], secondly, the subject of Instinct.”

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Extinction, Darwin Overlooked

Great AukIn The Origin of Species, Charles Darwin envisioned that “extinction and natural selection go hand in hand.” Extinction, however, was a relatively new concept only emerging in revolutionary France following the publication of Essay on the Theory of the Earth in 1813 by French naturalist Georges Cuvier.

“All these facts, consistent among themselves,” Cuvier argued, “seem to me to prove the existence of a world previous to ours… And what revolution was able to wipe it out [extinction]?”

Cuvier was an iconic French scientist who established extinction as a field of inquiry. When completed in time for the 1889 World’s Fair, his name was one of the only seventy-two names inscribed onto the Eiffel Tower.

Elizabeth Kolbert explains in The Sixth Extinction (2014) that the discovery of extinction made evolution seem “as unlikely as levitation,” an issue Darwin conveniently overlooked.

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Oxygen, Evolution’s Achilles Heel

Earth Atmosphere

Oxygen is one of life’s most essential atomic elements. As molecular biologist Michael Denton highlights in his book “Nature’s Destiny, How the Laws of Biology Reveal Purpose in the Universe,” oxygen is the key element for “one of the most important chemical reactions on Earth.”

While oxygen is the third most abundant chemical element in the universe, after hydrogen and helium, oxygen is the most abundant chemical element by mass in the Earth’s biosphere, air, sea, and land adding one more agonizing Achilles Heel to the theory of evolution.

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Daohugou Biota

Daohugou BiotiaOver the past two decades, a treasure trove of fossils has been unearthed in China.  Some of the world’s most exquisitely preserved feathered dinosaurs, birds, reptiles, and mammals have been recovered near the quiet northeastern China village of Daohugou.  

Chinese farmers first discovered the trove near this Inner Mongolian village in 1998. The following summer, two distinct salamander species were recovered. Since then, the now-infamous fossil site has been named the Daohugou Biota and has yielded more than 30 different vertebrate taxa (groups). The treasure trove of scientific evidence, however, further upends Charles Darwin’s theory of evolution “by means of natural selection.”

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Ancient Microbe Resistance

Microbe ResistanceA new study challenges the time-honored validity of microbe resistance as an example of biological evolution.

Christina Warinner of Harvard University led an international research team that investigated ancient microbes extracted from fossilized human teeth. The team included thirty-two investigators from twelve institutions in seven countries.

By comparing the microbes on fossilized human teeth, the research team found ancient microbe resistance using the exact molecular mechanisms of microbial resistance, as seen in today’s microbes.

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Reptile Embryos

Reptile Live BirthNew fossil discovery in China stuns Charles Darwin’s theory of evolution acting through “slight successive changes.” An international team led by geologist Ryosuke Motani from the University of California at Davis published a paper in the PLOS journal earlier this month on new evidence of reptile embryos that foils previous evolution paradigms.

Bordering on the Yangtze River in eastern China just north of Chaohu City, Motani’s team discovered by accident what is thought to be the oldest known reptile. While working systematically through a slab of entombed fossils looking for a ray-finned fish known as Saurichthys, the workers accidentally fractured the slab.  

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Was Darwin a Scientist?

Darwin Tree of LifeNew Jersey U.S. Representative Rush Holt, a Democrat, introduced on the house floor a resolution to designate Charles Darwin’s birthday, February 12th, as a national holiday. In a Huffington Post interview, Holt said the day should symbolize “the importance of science in the betterment of humanity.”

“It was his thirst for knowledge,” Holt continued, “and his scientific approach to discovering new truths that enabled him to develop the theory of evolution.” Fortunately, most of the representatives doubted Holt’s assertions. In the U.S. courts, however, evolution by natural selection is a proven scientific theory. Known as the “father of evolution,” Darwin must have been an exceptional scientist. For good reasons to be discussed, however, the answer to “Was Darwin a scientist” is one of the evolution industry’s best back-story secrets.

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Gene Duplication-Driven Evolution

gene duplication
Charles Darwin‘s first reference to a “gene” appears in the 4th Edition of The Origin of Species in 1866.  Since then, the gene has emerged as the essential molecular mechanism driving Darwin’s theory.

This intersection of natural selection with Gregor Mendel‘s theory of genetic inheritance was later named Modern Evolutionary Synthesis or The Modern Synthesis, largely based on Julian Huxley‘s 1942 book entitled Evolution. The Modern Synthesis.

A gene mutation-driven evolution theory gained increasing popularity. However, by the 1960s, using emerging genomic technologies the model began encountering challenges.

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Ancient DNA Stability

Jurassic ParkPristine preservation of DNA is of critical importance in the study of ancient DNA. The structural integrity of the DNA molecule, contrary to the Jurassic Park tale, is not infinitely stable.

Damage to the DNA molecule in living organisms occurs naturally from normal metabolic and hydrolytic processes and from environmental factors such as ultraviolet light and radiation.

Damage to DNA in mammalian cells is known to occur 1 million times daily.  While alive organisms can identify and correct these damages, the evolution industry has been reticent to address the stability of ancient DNA in the fossil record.

 

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